Plant Genetics exam

Question Description

Please answer the following questions: PLEASE make sure the answers are correct: The notes attached might have some information that helps you with the assessment since they are in class notes but it is not everything, so using other resources is definitely necessary

1) The plant hormone strigolactone works by:

	a.	sensing light quality.
	b.	stimulating T-DNA transfer.
	c.	promoting the degradation of proteins that promote branching.
	d.	acting as a source of nitrogen.

Which of the following situations would disrupt phyllotaxy in Arabidopsis?

	a.	A mutation in the MAX2 gene.
	b.	A change in the gravity vector.
	c.	Growing the plants in deep shade.
	d.	A mutation in the PIN gene.
	e.	Both b and d.

If corn plants are grown at a high density, they will be taller. What is one reason for this?

	a.	They are more susceptible to Agrobacterium.
	b.	The air temperature will rise.
	c.	Shade conditions will result in a low Red to Far-red ratio of light reaching the stems.
	d.	Shade conditions will result in a high Red to Far-red ratio of light reaching the stems.

The Ti plasmid needed to be altered by plant scientists before it could be used to make transgenic plants. Why was this?

	a.	The original Ti plasmid did not promote transfer of DNA into plant cells.
	b.	The Ti plasmid transferred genes into plant cells that caused the formation of tumors
	c.	It was too small.
	d.	It did not work with plant species like Arabidopsis.

Suppose that you were trying to develop a new crop by domesticating a grass species (species Z) that had not been used in agriculture. One of the problems that you encountered is the seed pods shatter asynchronously leading to a big loss of seed. What approach would you take to solve this problem?

	a.	Try to identify the “species Z” version of the SHP gene and generate a mutation in the gene.
	b.	Give it up as a lost cause.
	c.	Lay a plastic tarp under all the plants to collect the seed.
	d.	Try to identify the “species Z” version of the FUL gene and generate a mutation in the gene.

Root gravitropism is primarily the result of:

	a.	Protein phosphorylation.
	b.	An increase in cell division.
	c.	An increase in strigolactone levels
	d.	Differential cell elongation between the lower and upper side of the root.

The SHP and IND genes are both required for valve margin identity. When you examine fruit from the shp mutant (lacks the SHP transciption factor), you find that the IND gene is no longer expressed in the fruit. What is your interpretation of this result?

	a.	The IND gene regulates expression of the SHP gene.
	b.	The fruit have shattered.
	c.	The SHP gene regulates expression of the IND gene.
	d.	Both a and b.

Which of the following does not occur in the pye mutant:

	a.	Too many stomata are produced.
	b.	Root growth rate is reduced compare to wild type.
	c.	Cell size in the root is reduced compared to the wild type when iron is absent.
	d.	Root hairs are mishapen

Expression of the FUL gene throughout the fruit results in:

	a.	Very large fruit.
	b.	Fruit with no seed.
	c.	Fruit with no valve margin.
	d.	Failure to develop fruit.

Cytokinin and auxin are two plant hormones that play important roles in plant growth. If you place a piece of a tobacco stem on agar medium, which conditions will result in the formation of roots.

	a.	High levels of both auxin and cytokinin.
	b.	Infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens
	c.	High levels of auxin and low levels of cytokinin.
	d.	High levels of cytokinin and low levels of auxin

Growth of the shoot apical meristem is:

	a.	Inhibited by auixn.
	b.	Not affected by auxin.
	c.	The same in all plant species
	d.	Responsible for formation of all above ground post-embryonic organs

Which of the following is NOT used as a mutagen in Arabidopsis

	a.	T-DNA
	b.	blue light
	c.	ems
	d.	fast neutron radiation

Domestication of maize began:

	a.	2,000 years ago
	b.	6,000 to 10,000 years ago.
	c.	in Asia
	d.	both b and c.

Which of the following is a good reason to invest in algae as a bio-manufacturing platform?

	a.	Algae can be used to produce diverse products such as colostrum and polyurethane.
	b.	Algae have a high biomass yield compared to other crops.
	c.	Algae are rich in protein.
	d.	All of the above

Florigen was identified by which of the following approaches

	a.	A genetic approach that involved the isolation of mutants.
	b.	By isolating proteins from plant extracts.
	c.	By grafting.
	d.	By treating plants with auxin.

NOW, THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS (SHORT ANSWERS)

The photoreceptor phytochrome switches between two forms depending on the type of light it is exposed to. What is the active form of phytochrome and what wavelenght of light switches it to this form.

What is the connection between maize domestication and regulation of branching in Arabidopsis

In Arabidopsis, what gene functions in both the strigolactone and karrikin signaling pathways?

What is the phenotype of a plant that has a max2 scion and a wild-type stock?

What structure is required for FT to move from the phloem companion cell to the sieve element?

What experiment demonstrated that expression of CO in the phloem companion cells was sufficient for flowering?

What is a short-day plant.

What are the functions of the AUX1 and PIN1 proteins?

How long ago did domestication of our crop species begin?

Domestication of maize resulted in a reduction in the number of shoot branches. Why do you think this was important?

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